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International audio sector microphone related terms
2: 1 Rule of Ambience 2: 1 environmental sound capture rules. Means that if you want to capture the same amount of indoor environment of sound, heart-shaped microphone distance to the sound source should be the whole point to the receiver to the audio source distance of 2 times. This is ideal for indoor environmental sound recording is very important. 3: 1 Rule of Microphone Placement 3: 1 microphone placed rules. Refers to the simultaneous use of two microphones on the same sources during recording, the second microphone to 1 microphone distance, is the first handset to the sound source distance of 3 times, the best results. For example, suppose the first handset to the sources of the distance is 1 ft, 2nd best place point the microphone should be at the first microphone position 3 feet, because it can be a time delay between thanks to the microphone and the differences in the problems caused by phase-reduce to a minimum. In addition, the rules for using multiple microphones against multiple sources for the recording of it still applies. Specifically, suppose we now want to use two microphones on 2 different audio sources for simultaneous recording, so that the two microphones, the distance between them should be at least to the respective sound source distance of more than 3 times. Finally need to remind you that any rules are experience, is for informational purposes only. In actual operation, you also need a concrete analysis of specific issues. Don't forget, your auditory reaction is the world's best rules! A-B A-B stereo Stereo. Sometimes called "time delay stereo". Refers to the simultaneous use of two intermediate with a certain distance intervals of all point to the receiver, to the same stereo sound and image capture microphone recording techniques. Because of the way in this recording, microphone distance will give audio signal brings the time delay and phase differences, and the ear of the auditory system is based on these different levels of sound signals to the sources, spatial positioning and eventually formed in the brain that signal sound field of stereo sound and image, thereby giving the listener very strong sense of stereo space and, therefore, in the microphone further away from the sound source, the "Omni microphones + A-B stereo recording" combinations, usually recording masters preferred solution. As with all the reasons to the microphone, mainly because it in no matter how far away from sources of cases, the precise factual captured audio sources of low-frequency section. By contrast, the directivity microphone not vulnerable to the effects of proximity, but also easy to more distant from the sources of loss of low-frequency response. Absolute absolute phase Phase. Typically, in the vast majority of the microphone, the diaphragm is positive pressure (positive pressure) is generated in the anode voltage when output. In other words, if the signal polarity in the transmission path not changed, you should build in speaker Terminal anode voltage and then through the speakers at the listening position into positive pressure wave (positive pressure wave). The sources of original polarity can be in phase with speakers to reproduce the phenomenon that is the so-called "absolute phase". AES42-2001 one of the most emerging AES standard. Is the current favorite of AES3 digital audio interface standard extensions. It is not only able to support digital microphone connections, but also in the digital audio signal, provides the user with a variety of data to send and receive functionality. For example, in support of it, not only can users on digital microphone "polar pattern (the very first point)," "pre-attenuation (pre attenuation)," "low cut filter (low-cut filter)" and "pre-amplification (pre amplification)," and "Mute" and "polarity (Polar)," and other parameters for remote control, you can get a variety of signal level and the receiver's current status feedback information. Ambience ambient sound. Specific to audio fields, usually refers to a space environment have acoustic characteristics or quality. Its content is very rich, scale from space to the sound of the owning type, and other indicators are all included. For example, such as an auditorium, to illustrate its acoustic characteristics, it cannot fail to mention it with the large heating, ventilation and air conditioning system, because these configuration in use will inevitably produce some constant background noise. Environmental sound is important, mainly because they are the space environment of size, shape and reflector, and more on acoustic manifestations that can help your audience in mind established on the actual acoustic environment in the overall sense of space. To prove this, we may wish to do an experiment: use the same microphone on home different rooms, living room, recording, and then the volume of the recording materials to an opening large enough, listen carefully, you'll easily under the environmental noise distinguish match specific room. Ambisonics an invented in the United Kingdom to accurately simulate the original three-dimensional sound field effect of surround sound system. It to Oxford University Professor Michael Gerzon ((1945-1996) of theoretical results is based on the successful implementation of the 1970s the theory of the "four channel stereo (quadraphonics)" were trying to achieve but was not successful, high-fidelity stereo analog functions. In practice, it only takes a couple encoded stereo input channels and four decoding playback channels (reproducing channel), will be able to achieve the level of the audience around 360 degree sound field effect within the exact simulation and replication. Of course, the use of input channel and replay the speakers, the more the audience listening environment is closer to the round ball. Although Ambisonics is so perfect function and effect, but in the actual promotion process, but due to various constraints, no formation of mass market demand: first, in the recording process, 4 microphones are placed into a genuine tetrahedron array. Its purpose is to, use one of the top 3 microphones to measure before and after, as well as upper and lower left, the direction of the sound pressure level, while the fourth is used to measure the overall range of sound level. However, so far, it seems that only one company (first Calrec, later followed by the AMS, Siemens, now is the Soundfield Research acquired) in producing this kind of array in a little fame. Secondly, professional equipment, Ambisonics coding to on from the above four microphone voice signals are arranged in a matrix, and merge it into two or more channels, then strip the burn or play. Finally, the user, in addition to prepare at least offers 4-channel playback device, you must have a Ambisonics decoder. Anechoic muffler. The literal meaning is "no reply", i.e. There are no audio reflex phenomenon. In nature, the closest this standard acoustic environment is the open fields, but even in such circumstances, it cannot be true, absolutely "noise" effect, because there also comes from the ground, and other objects of sound reflection phenomenon. Thus, in the strict sense, real noise environments is not possible, because it cannot find the absolutely perfect sound-absorbing materials. If that sounds of high frequency components, people are still available through the use of sound-absorbing materials, to settle near the muffling effect, then, for the treatment of low-frequency component of the muffler, is almost powerless to do anything, because the sound-absorbing material on the absorption capacity and audio signal wavelength directly related. For example, for example to the vibration frequency is 100 Hz wave length is 10 feet of Sonic for complete absorption, sound-absorbing material thickness at least half the wavelength, that is 5 feet thick. In this way, the volume you want to want to establish a sufficiently large and filled with enough sound-absorbing materials, to low-frequency acoustic full absorption space, almost no realistic possibility. In practice, this kind of noise or close to the noise effect of the environment, in addition to being able to test your microphone, speakers and other audio devices, acoustic performance and not too many other applications, even a lot of professional recording studios are intended to avoid this phenomenon, because absent acoustic reflection of the environment, the impression is tilted, easily to the recording of the sound recording or mixing decision causing failures. Back-EMF EMF. Also known as "reverse voltage". This is the full circle of electromagnetic systems often appears a phenomenon. Specific to audio fields, usually and speaker works linked, dedicated to describing the sound signal transmission is stopped, the speaker cone in the inertial effects continue movement, leading to the voice coil in the magnetic field also continue to campaign, so that the system can contribute to the loudspeaker cable to the power amplifier output voltage is the successor of the physical phenomena. If this kind of "EMF" phenomenon too serious, can cause the speaker cone movement is not working properly, and thus on the overall negative impact on the sound effect. If you want to reduce or prevent this kind of "EMF" appears, the best way is to reverse the resistance of the speakers is set to "0" ohm, appears completely short-circuit, or let the impedance of the amplifier output port close to zero as possible. Backline bands the totality of the various devices, including guitar, bass, keyboard amplifier, drum, microphone stand bracket and connecting lines, etc., sometimes including keyboard instrument. However, it does not include indoor or stage monitor system, which is designed to provide for the above equipment enlarged service. Backline was touring band the use of jargon, now has become the tour contract attachment and insurance documents one of the common terms. Note that this term only on the device itself is qualified, but not on the device's specific qualified with regions. That is, either in front or behind the scenes, on the stage, or in the audience, as long as such device, it should be included within the scope of the Backline, with specific use location-independent. Backplate backplane. Specifically referring to the capacitor microphone diaphragm back on the metal plate. We know, in the capacitor microphone, the diaphragm is a stretch after tile a piece in this metal back plate surface and between it and the back plate with a very small space. And it is this small space, in fact form a variable capacitor. When the diaphragm as sonic impact and vibration, will result in voltage power capacitors, the corresponding changes in this change through microphone built-in amplifier times magnification and the appropriate modem, we usually hear a sound signal. Baffled Stereo acoustic baffle stereo. A variety of specialized through noise barrier Board (acoustic baffle) to enhance the stereo signal channel separation effect of stereo microphone recording skills. When the insulation panels placed in the ORTF, DIN or NOS, stereo system with 2 branches in the intervals between the distance of the microphone, the baffle the shadow effect will be on the axis of the decay process sources have a positive impact, and the resulting on the stereo signal channel separation effect of strengthening the role. In practice, it is necessary to pay attention to the noise barrier Board must use sound absorption performance is better and will not produce reflection effect of material, from the baffle surface acoustic reflex will cause the audio signal of coloring, thereby giving the final recording of great purity. Low-frequency Bass Management. Specifically referring to surround sound or stereo mix master channels all 80Hz (according to Dolby Standard) following the low-frequency signal and LFE (low frequency sound output) signal all extracted through the mixer and then import incoming bass speaker (subwoofer) output of the process. Generally speaking, the low-frequency management is through electronic dividers to change the contents of all channel transmission path in low frequency audio processing technology. Usually, this kind of "low-frequency management + subwoofer loudspeaker"Approach, is more suitable to the stereo or surround sound Studio, especially those who like to place on the console, small near-field Studio monitor speakers, because it allows audio engineers recognize as indoor noise, breathing caused by low-frequency anomaly. In addition, even if the price is relatively low, many ordinary families can have in Dolby Digital decoders, there are built-in, low-frequency management board can direct all channel all the low-frequency content in excess of the Bass trumpet to import. This means, the use of low-frequency management technology of control room, you can ensure that their effectiveness can be a good mix of delivery to the user system. Binaural binaural recording. A microphone is placed in the plastic simulation of human ears, to simulate as closely as possible out of the ear on phase, direction, and other signal parameters reaction effect recording method. Typically, this approach, you can catch many conventional microphone pickup skills unmatched signal information. Due to the binaural recording process, from the placement in the simulation of human head binaural within two microphone outgoing voice signal, in the course of the entire transmission path (including the last audience use incoming stereo headphones), always out completely separated, as a result, this type of audio materials can truly convey the simulation poll location spatial information and its surrounding 360 degrees of sound field effect. Bleed leak. In the audio field that refers to a sound source output and other sources of input signal leakage occurred between. This phenomenon can occur on the stage, such as drums or cymbals sound signal into guitar amplifiers, microphones, etc., can also occur in the Studio, for example, the singer's headphone output signal enters the perverted microphone etc. Typically, to avoid the leakage phenomenon, people will take the following measures: use heart-shaped or hyper-heart-shaped microphone, on a signal from the other direction and effectively shielding; use noise gate on the microphone sensitivity attenuation, to prevent its capture external noise; on the mixer and peripheral devices gain stage, so it stays at a reasonable level of signal to noise ratio, etc. Blumlein Microphone Blumlein microphone, also called Blumlein paired phone. Refers to the 2 teams can implement more signal synchronization (Coincident) double point to the microphone (also called "8 font microphone") to each other at a 90 degree angle to display stereo recording techniques. Because this method was originally composed in the 30s of the 20th century as the United Kingdom EMI (EMI) record company principal engineer of stereo audio recording pioneer Alan Blumlein, thus is called Blumlein microphone. Because of this recording method of the most important features is the center image sense and indoor environment sound good, therefore, in practice, on indoor environment of acoustic effects, microphones to the sources of the distance and the entire audio system of absolute polarity, and so have very high requirements. Body Pack a wireless system needs performers carry small electronic device, which is sent to a remote receiver sound signal. Of course, in the personal wireless monitoring system, it can also be used to receive remote signal. The structure of this device are usually very simple, mainly by some dedicated to the signal to transmit, receive, or a magnified section of electronic components and batteries. Now on the market, has some beginning wireless system will be the device's internal components built directly into the microphone or can be plugged directly into a guitar or other instruments of the small plug, thereby obviating the need to carry performers. Boom boom microphone radio Operator. Recording team dedicated to moving and manipulating the boom microphone to capture the sound signal to synchronize. Usually in photography or filming process considerably. Because they both use the boom microphone on certain audio signal on the screen to accurately capture, but also to ensure that the boom microphone will not appear in the video screen, as a result, the personnel of the fitness and aesthetic capacity requirements are relatively high. Boundary Microphone-microphone interface, also called pressure zone microphone (Pressure Zone Microphone), is a specialized which may be used to detect acoustic space borders of third-level changes to reduce direct sound signal and reflect a sound signal of microphone between mutual interference. The microphone diaphragm tanks, are usually attached to a large, flat surface, its main purpose is to form a sort of semi-sphere pickup modes. In addition, the attachment surface of the area or specialized according to capture sound signal wavelength, because if the area is too small, because you cannot capture the low-frequency content, high-frequency boost that occur. Brownian Movement/Motion Brownian motion. Refers to the United Kingdom botanist Robert Brown in 1827, the discovery of liquid (such as water) molecular or air molecules that occur as a result of the collision between the fast, irregular movement. This is usually in the audio area, mainly used to explain the formation of noise microphone itself, namely the molecular motion shock diaphragm. Capsule diaphragm tanks. A core part of the handset, devoted to the acoustic energy is converted to electric energy, usually consists of mounts for the acoustic sound device, and the shield, electronic circuits, and transducers. Cardioid-shaped point to. Microphone pickup pattern, to shape resembles the "heart". Its characteristics are directly in front of the microphone from the highest sound signal sensitivity, two times (in the side 90 degree direction, sensitivity to front than lower than 6 dB), the worst in the rear. Because of this point to the microphone, the sound from the rear of the signal has a good shielding effect and therefore more suitable for Studio or live performances, and so need to avoid environmental noise and feedback noise. However, and all non-Omni microphones, heart-shaped microphone will also have strong proximity. This, in the recording, you need special attention. Claw/Drum Claw drum claw. You can directly in drums or KangEggplant drum, Tim Barr other percussion instruments and drum microphone stand above. In addition to the fixed easily, which benefits mainly two things: first, you can prevent the drum beat into a microphone; Secondly, to avoid carrying many microphone stand bracket, this convenient touring, also help to keep the stage floor clean. Coincident multiple signal synchronization. This is a recurrent and stereo recording microphone on infants linked audio concepts. It means, used for stereo recording of two microphone diaphragm tanks distance should be reduced as much as possible to avoid the final recording serious phase out-of-sync problems. To that end, usually there are two main approaches: first, the two-directional microphone (for example, heart-shaped microphone) to 90-degree angle stack placement; the second, called "MS (in-side)" sound recording method, is a two-point to the microphone (also called "8 font microphone") and a heart-shaped microphone side by side next to the place, and then from the two microphone voice signals are mixed in different proportions, to change the stereo sound field width of hearing. Shaded Coloration. An audio areas devoted to the evaluation of the sound is distorted or unusual vocabulary of subjectivity. Usually we say that a piece of audio equipment with a certain degree of coloring, actually refers to this device that are not particularly pure tone, or a bit of an exception. In General, the sound of the stain, mainly due to the device, many after a device is more of a layer of shade. For example, different microphones against the same sound produce different coloring, which is why we buy the microphone, the microphone will be focused on the type and extent of pigmentation. By the same token, the audio chain of other equipment that would sound produce different degrees of shading. It is precisely because of these different devices provide different coloring, forming a variety of colorful sound palette, thus contributing to our audio creation and audio production provides extensive play space. Compression Driver sound compression driver unit. A Bell Labs in the early 20th century, 30 's, successfully developed, specifically for small-caliber speakers for special types of dynamic speakers. Its role and almost acoustic transformer, are devoted to the trumpet "throat" parts of the high pressure level signal is converted into low pressure level signal, and then through the horn "mouth" spread into the air. Its working principle and dynamic microphone more or less the same, just the opposite direction signal transmission. It mainly uses voice coil the attachment of diaphragm surface, through a slightly open a narrow slit (commonly referred to as the "throat of horn)" to spread the sound from outside. But what we call the "compression", actually happened this part of the "throat". In reality, to produce high-quality sound compression driver module, you also need to be designed for many complex deformation. Here we will not detail. Condenser Microphone capacitance microphone. The most ancient types of microphones, the earliest dates from the early last century. Its structure is very simple, almost does not exist any motion components, simply a conductivity of excellent metal film (commonly referred to as the "cone") tight posted at a metal (usually called "back panel"). However, it works but is very complex. First, the diaphragm and back to the role of the external power supply under charge, forming a capacitor. Here is the external power supply, usually the phantom power, but now there are also many capacitor microphones introduced specially equipped with power. Second, when the external signal sound pressure acting on the diaphragm, the diaphragm should be based on the waveform changes occurred corresponding motions. Once again, the diaphragm vibration to be able to rise above the change in power capacitors, thereby driving the output voltage changes. Finally, the voltage change to be able to convert sound signal from the microphone output. Although the current capacitor microphone of many types, but its working principle is the same. Conductor conductor. And relative resistors, are specialized conduction and not impede the current transmission. Although all conductors are on the current transfer certain impedance, however, this impedance effect in comparison is very small. In electronics, the conductor is dedicated to the current from one path to import another path to play the role of the protection of other devices, such as the lightning rod, or in the most effective way to signal for transmission, etc. In the field wiring, the conductor is specifically designed to carry a valid signal, such as the Studio line of audio signals and family lines of the current "signal", and so on. In this sense, the grounding cable and shielded cable should not be regarded as a conductor, because they are not designed to carry and transmit signals, but to protective and anti-jamming. This is why it contains are 3 circuit standard microphone connector is usually considered only two wires. However, this distinction in non-equilibrium connector in less obvious, because in this circuit, shielded connector can be used as a conductor. Contact Mic close microphone. A dedicated to surface attached to the voice, through the experience of sound in the mechanical shock to get the audio signal in the receiver. Sometimes also called "sensing microphone (mic transducer)". It and traditional microphone the biggest difference is that the latter is mainly through the feeling of pressure in the air vibration caused by to get the audio signal. Although people sometimes because it and pressure area microphone, needs to be attached to the object's surface using while they are confusing, but in fact they are totally different, because the pressure zone microphone essentially, or belong to the traditional need to get from the air vibrations of audio signal receiver.